City size and the health of the elderly: Empirical evidence from CFPS and city data

CHEN Fei, CHEN Lin

Systems Engineering - Theory & Practice ›› 2022, Vol. 42 ›› Issue (12) : 3184-3200.

PDF(1117 KB)
PDF(1117 KB)
Systems Engineering - Theory & Practice ›› 2022, Vol. 42 ›› Issue (12) : 3184-3200. DOI: 10.12011/SETP2022-0492

City size and the health of the elderly: Empirical evidence from CFPS and city data

  • CHEN Fei1,2, CHEN Lin1
Author information +
History +

Abstract

Under the background of implementing the national strategy to actively respond to the aging population and the urbanization strategy, it is of great practical significance to study the internal relationship between city size and the health of the elderly. Therefore, based on CFPS data and city level data, we use instrumental variable of wall area of Qing Dynasty and the parameter estimation method based on distribution functions to identify the effect of city size on the health. We find that there is a positive causal relationship between city size and the health of the elderly. Big cities can significantly improve the health by three channels:Income effect, social participation effect and medical security effect. Among them, the contribution of medical security effect and social participation effect is higher. Heterogeneity analysis shows that big cities basically meet the health needs of the elderly with different income and education, which do not exacerbate the health inequality among the elderly. However, the household registration system restricts the floating elderly population from obtaining health benefits from big cities. In addition, the crowding effect reflected by population density and transportation cost has negative impact on health, especially in cities with population of more than 5 million, which should be paid attention to.

Key words

city size / health of the elderly / instrumental variable / selection effect

Cite this article

Download Citations
CHEN Fei , CHEN Lin. City size and the health of the elderly: Empirical evidence from CFPS and city data. Systems Engineering - Theory & Practice, 2022, 42(12): 3184-3200 https://doi.org/10.12011/SETP2022-0492

References

[1] 葛延风, 王列军, 冯文猛, 等. 我国健康老龄化的挑战与策略选择[J]. 管理世界, 2020, 36(4):86-96. Ge Y F, Wang L J, Feng W M, et al. The challenge and strategy selection of healthy aging in China[J]. Management World, 2020, 36(4):86-96.
[2] 丁玉龙, 秦尊文. 城市规模与居民健康——基于CHIP微观数据的实证分析[J]. 江汉论坛, 2020(3):138-144. Ding Y L, Qin Z W. City size and residents' health:An empirical analysis based on CHIP data[J]. Jianghan Tribune, 2020(3):138-144.
[3] 陆铭, 向宽虎, 陈钊. 中国的城市化和城市体系调整:基于文献的评论[J]. 世界经济, 2011, 34(6):3-25. Lu M, Xiang K H, Chen Z. Urbanization and urban system adjustment in China:A literature review[J]. The Journal of World Economy, 2011, 34(6):3-25.
[4] 王俊, 龚强, 王威. "老龄健康" 的经济学研究[J]. 经济研究, 2012, 47(1):134-150. Wang J, Gong Q, Wang W. A review of economics analysis on the elderly health[J]. Economic Research Journal, 2012, 47(1):134-150.
[5] Vlahov D, Galea S. Urbanization, urbanicity, and health[J]. Journal of Urban Health, 2002, 79(4):1-12.
[6] Glaeser E L, Kolko J, Saiz A. Consumer city[J]. Journal of Economic Geography, 2001, 1:27-50.
[7] Chen J, Davis D S, Wu K, et al. Life satisfaction in urbanizing China:The effect of city size and pathways to urban residency[J]. Cities, 2015, 49:88-97.
[8] Liu G G, Wu X, Peng C, et al. Urbanization and health care in rural China[J]. Contemporary Economic Policy, 2003, 21(1):11-24.
[9] 解垩. 城镇化与中国农村减贫[J]. 经济科学, 2020(3):5-16. Xie E. Urbanization and poverty reduction in rural China[J]. Economic Science, 2020(3):5-16.
[10] Abraido-Lanza A F, Dohrenwend B P, Ng-Mak D S, et al. The latino mortality paradox:A test of the "salmon bias" and healthy migrant hypotheses[J]. American Journal of Public Health, 1999, 89(10):1543-1548.
[11] Santiago P B, Nogueira J M, da Conceicao P H Z. Are smaller cities more sustainable? Environmental externalities in urban areas. Evidences from cities in Sao Paulo, Brazil[J]. Current Urban Studies, 2014, 2(4):323-334.
[12] 俞佳立, 杨上广, 刘举胜. 中国居民健康生产效率的动态演进及其影响因素[J]. 中国人口科学, 2020(5):66-78. Yu J L, Yang S G, Liu J S. Dynamics of health productivity of Chinese residents and its determinants[J]. Chinese Journal of Population Science, 2020(5):66-78.
[13] 吉黎. 城市化有利于健康吗?——基于个体微观迁移数据的实证研究[J]. 世界经济文汇, 2013(3):18-28. Ji L. Is urbanization good for health? Empirical research based on individual micro migration data[J]. World Economic Papers, 2013(3):18-28.
[14] Liu Y, Huang B, Wang R, et al. Exploring the association between urbanisation and self-rated health of the older adults in China:Evidence from a national population sample survey[J]. BMJ Open, 2019, 9(6):29176.
[15] Gong P, Liang S, Carlton E J, et al. Urbanisation and health in China[J]. The Lancet, 2012, 379(9818):843-852.
[16] Miao J, Wu X. Urbanization, socioeconomic status and health disparity in China[J]. Health & Place, 2016, 42:87-95.
[17] Grossman M. On the concept of health capital and the demand for health[J]. Journal of Political Economy, 1972, 80(2):223-255.
[18] Engel G L. The need for new medical model:A challenge for biomedicine[J]. Science, 1977, 196(4286):129-136.
[19] 姜向群, 魏蒙, 张文娟. 中国老年人口的健康状况及影响因素研究[J]. 人口学刊, 2015, 37(2):46-56. Jiang X Q, Wei M, Zhang W J. Study on the health status and influencing factors of China's aging population[J]. Population Journal, 2015, 37(2):46-56.
[20] 米红, 刘悦, 冯广刚. 中国老年人口健康状态变动的辨识及影响因素的评估分析——基于SSAPUR2015-2016年面板数据[J]. 人口学刊, 2020, 42(4):42-55. Mi H, Liu Y, Feng G G. Study on identification and determinants of transition in health status of aging population in China:Based on panel data SSAPUR2015-2016[J]. Population Research, 2020, 42(4):42-55.
[21] Tomioka K, Kurumatani N, Hosoi H. Association between social participation and instrumental activities of daily living among community-dwelling older adults[J]. Journal of Epidemiology, 2016, 26(10):553-561.
[22] 胡宏伟, 李延宇, 张楚, 等. 社会活动参与、健康促进与失能预防——基于积极老龄化框架的实证分析[J]. 中国人口科学, 2017(4):87-96. Hu H W, Li Y Y, Zhang C, et al. Participation of social activities, health promotion and disability prevention:Empirical analysis based on active ageing structure[J]. Chinese Journal of Population Science, 2017(4):87-96.
[23] Avlund K, Lund R, Holstein B E, et al. Social relations as determinant of onset of disability in aging[J]. Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics, 2004, 38(1):85-99.
[24] Ballert C S, Hopfe M, Kus S, et al. Using the refined ICF linking rules to compare the content of existing instruments and assessments:A systematic review and exemplary analysis of instruments measuring participation[J]. Disability and Rehabilitation, 2016:1-17.
[25] Jiménez-Ambriz M G, Izal M, Montorio I. Psychological and social factors that promote positive adaptation to stress and adversity in the adult life cycle[J]. Journal of Happiness Studies, 2012, 13(5):833-848.
[26] 陆杰华, 李月, 郑冰. 中国大陆老年人社会参与和自评健康相互影响关系的实证分析——基于CLHLS数据的检验[J]. 人口研究, 2017, 41(1):15-26. Lu J H, Li Y, Zheng B. The relationship between self-reported health and social participation of Chinese elderly:Evidence from CLHLS survey[J]. Population Research, 2017, 41(1):15-26.
[27] Dickens A, Richards S, Greaves C, et al. Interventions targeting social isolation in older people:A systematic review[J]. BMC Public Health, 2011, 11(647):1-22.
[28] Christine A K, David L. Central city size, metropolitan institutions and political participation[J]. British Journal of Political Science, 2009, 39(1):59-92.
[29] Buffel T, De Donder L, Phillipson C, et al. Social participation among older adults living in medium-sized cities in Belgium:The role of neighbourhood perceptions[J]. Health Promotion International, 2014, 29(4):655-668.
[30] 《老年人收入与健康支出状况研究》课题组, 李晓西, 刘涛. 老年人收入与健康支出状况研究——以北京市为例[J]. 管理世界, 2008(12):75-82. "Research Groupincome and health expenditure of the elderly", Li X X, Liu T. Study on the income and health expenditure of the elderly:A case study of Beijing[J]. Management World, 2008(12):75-82.
[31] 陈飞, 苏章杰. 城市规模的工资溢价:来源与经济机制[J]. 管理世界, 2021, 37(1):19-32. Chen F, Su Z J. The urban wage premium:Sources and the economic mechanism[J]. Management World, 2021, 37(1):19-32.
[32] 陆铭, 高虹, 佐藤宏. 城市规模与包容性就业[J]. 中国社会科学, 2012(10):47-66. Lu M, Gao H, Hiroshi S. On urban size and inclusive employment[J]. Social Sciences in China, 2012(10):47-66.
[33] 高虹. 城市人口规模与劳动力收入[J]. 世界经济, 2014, 37(10):145-164. Gao H. Urban population size and labor income[J]. The Journal of World Economy, 2014, 37(10):145-164.
[34] 杨刚强, 李梦琴, 孟霞. 人口流动规模、财政分权与基本公共服务资源配置研究——基于286个城市面板数据空间计量检验[J]. 中国软科学, 2017(6):49-58. Yang G Q, Li M Q, Meng X. The scale of migrants, fiscal autonomy and the allocation of public goods:The spatial econometric test of 286 cities' panel data[J]. China Soft Science, 2017(6):49-58.
[35] 孙三百, 黄薇, 洪俊杰, 等. 城市规模、幸福感与移民空间优化[J]. 经济研究, 2014, 49(1):97-111. Sun S B, Huang W, Hong J J, et al. City size, happiness and spatial optimization of migration[J]. Economic Research Journal, 2014, 49(1):97-111.
[36] Howard K R. The rural vs urban practice decision[J]. The Journal of the American Medical Association, 2002, 287(1):113.
[37] 王峤, 刘修岩, 李迎成. 空间结构、城市规模与中国城市的创新绩效[J]. 中国工业经济, 2021(5):114-132. Wang Q, Liu X Y, Li Y C. Spatial structure, city size and innovation performance of Chinese cities[J]. China Industrial Economics, 2021(5):114-132.
[38] Skinner G W. The city in late imperial China[M]. Palo Alto:Stanford University Press, 1977.
[39] Idler E L, Benyamini Y. Self-rated health and mortality:A review of twenty-seven community studies[J]. Journal of Health, 1997, 38(1):21-37.
[40] Bath P A, Deeg D. Social engagement and health outcomes among older people:Introduction to a special section[J]. European Journal of Ageing, 2005, 2(1):24-30.
[41] 章元, 刘修岩. 聚集经济与经济增长:来自中国的经验证据[J]. 世界经济, 2008(3):60-70. Zhang Y, Liu X Y. Agglomeration economy and economic growth:Empirical evidence from China[J]. The Journal of World Economy, 2008(3):60-70.
[42] 胡雯, 张锦华. 密度、距离与农民工工资:溢价还是折价?[J]. 经济研究, 2021, 56(3):167-185. Hu W, Zhang J H. Density, distance and wages of migrant workers:Premium or discount?[J]. Economic Research Journal, 2021, 56(3):167-185.
[43] Ioannides Y M, Zhang J. Walled cities in late imperial China[J]. Journal of Urban Economics, 2017, 97:71-88.
[44] Wang Z, Zhu J. Evolution of China's city-size distribution[J]. Chinese Economy, 2013, 46(1):38-54.
[45] Combes P P, Duranton G, Gobillon L, et al. The productivity advantages of large cities:Distinguishing agglomeration from firm selection[J]. Econometrica, 2012, 80(6):2543-2594.
[46] Combes P P, Duranton G, Gobillon L, et al. Sorting and local wage and skill distributions in France[J]. Regional Science and Urban Economics, 2012, 42(6):913-930.
[47] 张国峰, 王永进. 中国城市间工资差距的集聚效应与选择效应——基于"无条件分布特征-参数对应" 方法的研究[J]. 中国工业经济, 2018(12):60-78. Zhang G F, Wang Y J. Agglomeration and selection effect for wage gap between cities in China-Study using the "unconditional distribution feature-parameter correspondence" approach[J]. China Industrial Economics, 2018(12):60-78.
[48] 李翔, 赵昕东. 教育如何影响我国老年人健康水平[J]. 财经研究, 2020, 46(3):139-153. Li X, Zhao X D. How does education affect the health level of the elderly in China?[J]. Journal of Finance and Economics, 2020, 46(3):139-153.
[49] Acemoglu D, Restrepo P. Demographics and automation[J]. The Review of Economic Studies, 2021, 89(1):1-44.
[50] Conley T G, Hansen C B, Rossi P E. Plausibly exogenous[J]. The Review of Economics and Statistics, 2012, 94(1):260-272.
[51] 韩峰, 李玉双. 产业集聚、公共服务供给与城市规模扩张[J]. 经济研究, 2019, 54(11):149-164. Han F, Li Y S. Industrial agglomeration, public service supply and urban expansion[J]. Economic Research Journal, 2019, 54(11):149-164.
[52] 李红阳, 邵敏. 城市规模、技能差异与劳动者工资收入[J]. 管理世界, 2017(8):36-51. Li H Y, Shao M. City size, skill difference and workers'wage[J]. Management World, 2017(8):36-51.
[53] Haaland C, van den Bosch C K. Challenges and strategies for urban green-space planning in cities undergoing densification:A review[J]. Urban Forestry & Urban Greening, 2015, 14(4):760-771.
[54] 陈东, 张郁杨. 与收入相关的健康不平等的动态变化与分解——以我国中老年群体为例[J]. 金融研究, 2015(12):1-16. Chen D, Zhang Y Y. Dynamic change and decomposition of inequalities in income and health in China:Case of middle aged and elderly people[J]. Journal of Financial Research, 2015(12):1-16.
[55] Leopold L, Engelhartdt H. Education and physical health trajectories in old age. Evidence from the survey of health, ageing and retirement in Europe (SHARE)[J]. International Journal of Public Health, 2013, 58(1):23-31.
[56] 夏怡然, 陆铭. 城市间的"孟母三迁"——公共服务影响劳动力流向的经验研究[J]. 管理世界, 2015(10):78-90. Xia Y R, Lu M. "Three moves of mencius and mother" between cities:An empirical study on the impact of public services on the flow of labor force[J]. Management World, 2015(10):78-90.
[57] Berkman L F, Syme S L. Social networks, host resistance, and mortality:A nine-year follow-up study of Alameda County residents[J]. American Journal of Epidemiology, 1979, 109(2):186-204.
[58] Karlson K B, Breen R, Holm A. Total, direct, and indirect effects in logit and probit models[J]. Sociological Methods Research, 2013, 42(2):164-191.
[59] 刘文, 杨馥萍. 中国积极老龄化发展水平测度——基于东中西部地区和28个省市的数据研究[J]. 人口学刊, 2019, 41(2):100-112. Liu W, Yang F P. The evaluation of active aging development in China-Based on regional and provincial data[J]. Population Journal, 2019, 41(2):100-112.
[60] Linn J F. The costs of urbanization in developing countries[J]. Economic Development and Cultural Change, 1982, 30(3):625-648.
[61] 张宁. 城市规模与城市交通发展的系统分析方法[J]. 系统工程理论与实践, 2005, 25(8):136-139. Zhang N. The systemic analysis on metropolis area and traffic generation[J]. Systems Engineering-Theory & Practice, 2005, 25(8):136-139.
[62] 章元, 王驹飞. 城市规模、通勤成本与居民储蓄率:来自中国的证据[J]. 世界经济, 2019, 42(8):25-49. Zhang Y, Wang J F. City size, commuting cost and household savings rate:Evidence from China[J]. The Journal of World Economy, 2019, 42(8):25-49.
[63] 童玉芬. 中国特大城市的人口调控:理论分析与思考[J]. 人口研究, 2018, 42(4):3-13. Tong Y F. Population control in China's mega cities:Theoretical analysis and reflection[J]. Population Research, 2018, 42(4):3-13.

Funding

Major Program of National Social Science Foundation of China (21ZDA099); The General Program of National Natural Science Foundation of China (72273108); Humanities and Social Science Foundation of Ministry of Education of China (22YJA790005)
PDF(1117 KB)

716

Accesses

0

Citation

Detail

Sections
Recommended

/